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Tagged: whitepaper

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Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System Satoshi Nakamoto's 2008 Bitcoin whitepaper: a trustless peer-to-peer cash system using a proof-of-work timestamp server, hash-chained blocks, and Merkle trees to prevent double-spending. Design of a Secure Timestamping Service with Minimal Trust Requirement 1999 UCL Crypto Group paper (Massias, Serret Avila, Quisquater) on the Belgian TIMESEC timestamping service: round-based Merkle trees, hash-linked round values, and newspaper publication to minimize trust in the authority. How to Time-Stamp a Digital Document Haber and Stornetta's 1991 Journal of Cryptology paper founding cryptographic digital timestamping via hashing, digital signatures, hash-linking chains, and distributed-trust witnessing. Improving the Efficiency and Reliability of Digital Time-Stamping Bayer, Haber, and Stornetta 1993 paper introducing hash trees (Merkle trees) to batch digital time-stamp requests, reducing storage and verification cost and enabling time-stamp renewal to extend signature lifetimes. Interoperable Randomness Beacons (NIST CSRC) NIST CSRC project defining an interoperable public randomness beacon that emits signed, hash-chained 512-bit full-entropy pulses every 60 seconds over a REST API, with the Beacon 2.0 format and NISTIR 8213 reference. RFC 6962: Certificate Transparency IETF Experimental RFC defining Certificate Transparency: publicly auditable append-only Merkle Hash Tree logs of TLS certificates, with SHA-256 leaf/node domain separation, inclusion and consistency proofs, SCTs, and Signed Tree Heads. RFC 8032: Edwards-Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA) IRTF/CFRG specification of EdDSA deterministic Schnorr signatures over twisted Edwards curves, defining Ed25519 (SHA-512) and Ed448 (SHAKE256), with encoding, verification, and test vectors. RFC 8785: JSON Canonicalization Scheme (JCS) RFC 8785 defines the JSON Canonicalization Scheme (JCS), a deterministic serialization of I-JSON data for reliable hashing and signing, using ECMAScript number formatting, UTF-16 property sorting, and UTF-8 output. RFC 9562: Universally Unique IDentifiers (UUIDs) IETF standard defining 128-bit UUIDs, obsoleting RFC 4122 and adding versions 6, 7, and 8 for time-ordered, database-friendly, sortable identifiers with CSPRNG and privacy guidance. Secure Hash Standard (SHS) FIPS PUB 180-4, the NIST Secure Hash Standard specifying SHA-1 and the SHA-2 family (SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, SHA-512, SHA-512/224, SHA-512/256) message-digest algorithms. Stellar Developer Documentation Official Stellar Development Foundation developer documentation covering the Stellar network fundamentals: accounts, transactions and operations, ledgers, assets and lumens, fees, and the Stellar Consensus Protocol (SCP). Taproot: SegWit version 1 spending rules (BIP 341) BIP 341 defines Bitcoin Taproot: SegWit version 1 outputs using Schnorr signatures and a Merkle-branch script commitment (MAST) with key-path and script-path spending.